Reform UK has proposed using the navy to stop small boat crossings. Is their plan feasible?

The Reform leader, Nigel Farage, whose summer has been dominated by the Guardian’s disclosure of a £5m undeclared donation and his connections with a fraudster, emerged on Monday to claim that his party would launch the “largest military operation in the English Channel since World War Two” to prevent small boat crossings.

Pointing to unrest at the Spain-Morocco border, he said the Royal Navy would be sent to the Channel to intercept all dinghies carrying asylum seekers should the party win power at the next general election.

Under so-called Operation Fortress, migrants would be detained and given food and water before being returned “under escort” on naval vessels to France or Belgium.

But sceptics have questioned whether the plans would work.

What is the Royal Navy being asked to do?

Reform’s policy document indicates that existing navy offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) would “close on and shadow” dinghies in the Channel, instead of the Border Force’s existing fleet of five cutters and six patrol ships.

Three OPVs, each nearly 80m (262ft) long, are deployed around the UK, though they are due to be decommissioned in 2028, and may be sold to Uruguay.

One, HMS Tyne, is currently shadowing a Russian frigate, the Neustrashimy, in the North Sea with a French corvette. It is a priority for the navy, unless prime minister Nigel Farage insists on shifting focus to the Channel.

An alternative, says Tom Sharpe, a former navy commander, would be to deploy a frigate, though, he says, it would be “an incredible waste of a military asset, to do a Border Force or ferrying job with a specialist warship”.

What does the Royal Navy think?

A master of any ship is taught they have a duty “to render assistance” to any person in danger of being lost at sea, and to proceed “with all possible speed” to those in distress, as spelled out in Article 98 of the UN Convention on the Law on the Sea, the foundation of maritime law.

Though each incident will be different, Reform envisages that Royal Marines on inflatables will approach what are often packed dinghies to pick up those on board – though refugees and migrants may not be compliant as they are likely to fear arrest.

“Mariners are obliged to rescue people at sea in distress and to not create conditions for putting them in distress,” says John Foreman, a former navy captain.

Has the UK deployed the Royal Navy to intercept small boats before?

Yes. In 2022, Boris Johnson’s government launched Operation Isotrope which the then home secretary, Priti Patel, said would attempt to make crossing the Channel “unviable”.

A tentative plan for “pushbacks” – where ships are used to force small boats to turn around back towards France – was abandoned after concerns from military figures that it would be impractical, dangerous, and leave naval officers open to legal action.

Does Farage say that this new plan is different?

Yes. He told reporters: “This is not pushback. We are talking about rescue and return.”

The French government would be expected to accept the returned asylum seekers, he said, claiming he had spoken to unnamed French politicians about the plans.

“Dealing with this problem would be a great, great relief to the people of northern France,” he added.

“Attitudes towards this [in France] are starting to change, and they’re also beginning to realise that we have given them a lot of money and this would in fact, be helping them with their objectives.

“Can I guarantee you that they’ll welcome this with open arms? I can’t, but can I say there is a softening of attitude towards this position? Yes,” Farage said.

If the French government declined to accept the returns, Reform’s home affairs spokesperson, Zia Yusuf, said the Royal Marines would return them anyway to the French coast.

What problems do experts in immigration policy envisage with these plans?

Colin Yeo, a leading immigration barrister, said it should be “utterly obvious” that such a move would be a violation of French sovereignty and an illegal act of international aggression.

“No one needs a specific law citing to them to know that invading another country is wrong. But Article 2(4) of the UN Charter forbids ‘the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state’,” he said.

Peter Walsh, a senior researcher at Oxford University’s Migration Observatory, said whether the plan would work hinges on the French government’s consent and if it would accept the returns.

“If the UK returned asylum seekers to France without its permission, one plausible scenario is that this would have major diplomatic consequences, prompting France to suspend existing cooperation such as intelligence sharing and beach patrols in northern France. It is possible it would attempt to repel the British ships to prevent further returns,” he said.

How has France responded to the proposals?

One French official told the Guardian that such plans would be “unacceptable”.

“The [French] government would clearly not expect a key ally such as the UK to infringe on territory or waters without consent,” the official said.